Identification of Microorganisms Using Nucleic Acid Probes - CAM 303

Description 
Nucleic acid hybridization technologies utilize complementary properties of the DNA double-helix structures to anneal together DNA fragments from different sources. These techniques are utilized in polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and fluorescent resonance energy transfer (FRET) techniques to identify microorganisms (Khan, 2014). 

A discussion of every infectious agent that might be detected with a probe technique is beyond the scope of this policy. Many probes have been combined into panels of tests. For the purposes of this policy, only individual probes are reviewed.

For guidance on nucleic acid identification of Candida in vaginitis, please refer to CAM 269-Diagnosis of Vaginitis Including Multi-Target PCR Testing.

Regulatory Status 
As of May 11, 2020, a list of current U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA, 2020) approved or cleared nucleic acid-based microbial tests is available at: https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/vitro-diagnostics/nucleic-acid-based-tests..

Policy 

Application of coverage criteria is dependent upon an individual’s benefit coverage at the time of the request. 

  1. The coverage status of nucleic acid identification using direct probe, amplified probe, or quantification for the microorganism’s procedure codes is summarized in Table 1 below. "MCC" in the table below indicates that the test is considered MEDICALLY NECESSARY; while “DNMCC” tests indicates that the test is considered NOT MEDICALLY NECESSARY.

Microorganism

Direct Probe

Amplified Probe

Quantification

Bartonella henselae or quintana  

 

87471 (MCC)

87472 (DNMCC)

Non-vaginal Candida species

87480 (DNMCC)

87481 (DNMCC)

87482 (DNMCC)

Chlamydia pneumoniae  

87485 (MCC)  

87486 (MCC)

87487 (DNMCC)

Clostridium difficile  

 

 87493 (MCC)  

 

Cytomegalovirus  

87495 (MCC)  

87496 (MCC)

87497 (MCC)

Enterococcus, Vancomycin-resistant (e.g., enterococcus vanA, vanB)  

 

87500 (MCC)

 

Enterovirus  

 

87498 (MCC)

 

Hepatitis G  

87525 (DNMCC)  

87526 (DNMCC)

87527 (DNMCC)

Herpes virus-6  

87531 (MCC)  

87532 (DNMCC)

87533 (MCC)

Legionella pneumophila  

87540 (MCC)  

87541 (MCC)

87542 (DNMCC)

Orthopoxvirus

 

87593 (MCC)

 

Mycoplasma pneumoniae  

87580 (MCC)  

87581 (MCC)

87582 (DNMCC)

Mycoplasma genitalium

 

87563 (MCC)

 

Respiratory syncytial virus

 

87634 (MCC)

 

Staphylococcus aureus  

 

87640 (MCC)

 

Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin resistant  

 

87641 (MCC)

 

  1. Simultaneous ordering of any combination of direct probe, amplified probe, and/or quantification for the same organism in a single encounter is considered NOT MEDICALLY NECESSARY.

Policy Guidelines
A discussion of every infectious agent that might be detected with a probe technique is beyond the scope of this policy. Many probes have been combined into panels of tests. For the purposes of this policy, other than the respiratory virus panel, only individual probes are reviewed.

Table of Terminology

Term

Definition

CDC   

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

CIDT

Culture-independent diagnostic test

CPT

Current procedural terminology

DFA

Direct fluorescent antibody testing

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid

EVD

Ebola virus disease

FDA

Food and Drug Administration

FRET

Fluorescent resonance energy transfer

IDSA

Infectious Diseases Society of America

ITS

Internal transcribed region

Mpox

Monkeypox

MRSA

Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus

NAATs

Nucleic acid amplification tests

NGU

Nongonococcal urethritis

PCR

Polymerase chain reaction

PID

Pelvic inflammatory disease

qPCR

Quantitative polymerase chain reaction

rDNA

Recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid

RNA

Ribonucleic acid

rRT-PCR

Real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction

RSV

Respiratory syncytial virus infection

RT-PCR

Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction

SARS

Severe acute respiratory syndrome

Rationale
Nucleic acid hybridization technologies, including polymerase chain reaction (PCR), ligase- or helicase-dependent amplification, and transcription-mediated amplification, are beneficial tools for pathogen detection in blood culture and other clinical specimens due to high specificity and sensitivity (Khan, 2014). The use of nucleic acid-based methods to detect bacterial pathogens in a clinical laboratory setting offers “increased sensitivity and specificity over traditional microbiological techniques” due to its specificity, sensitivity, reduction in time, and high-throughput capability; however, “contamination potential, lack of standardization or validation for some assays, complex interpretation of results, and increased cost are possible limitations of these tests” (Mothershed & Whitney, 2006).

World Health Organization (WHO)
For detection of monkeypox, the WHO recommends “detection of viral DNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)” as the preferred laboratory test and recommends that any individual with a suspected case should be offered testing. They note that the best specimens for diagnosis are taken directly from the rash. Antigen and antibody detection may not be able to distinguish between orthopoxviruses (WHO, 2022). 

2018 Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA)
Specific guidelines for testing of many organisms listed within the policy coverage criteria is found in the updated 2018 Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) guidelines and recommendations titled, “A Guide to Utilization of the Microbiology Laboratory for Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases: 2018 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the American Society for Microbiology” (Miller et al., 2018). “This document is organized by body system, although many organisms are capable of causing disease in >1 body system. There may be a redundant mention of some organisms because of their propensity to infect multiple sites. One of the unique features of this document is its ability to assist clinicians who have specific suspicions regarding possible etiologic agents causing a specific type of disease. When the term 'clinician' is used throughout the document, it also includes other licensed, advanced practice providers. Another unique feature is that in most chapters, there are targeted recommendations and precautions regarding selecting and collecting specimens for analysis for a disease process. It is very easy to access critical information about a specific body site just by consulting the table of contents. Within each chapter, there is a table describing the specimen needs regarding a variety of etiologic agents that one may suspect as causing the illness. The test methods in the tables are listed in priority order according to the recommendations of the authors and reviewers” (Miller et al., 2018).

Centers of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) 
Candida Auris (C. auris)
The CDC writes that “Molecular methods based on sequencing the D1-D2 region of the 28s rDNA or the Internal Transcribed Region (ITS) of rDNA also can identify C. auris.” The CDC further notes that various PCR methods have been developed for identifying C. auris (CDC, 2020a).

Chlamydia Pneumoniae (C. pneumoniae)
The CDC writes that RT-PCR is the “preferred” method of detecting an acute C. pneumoniae infection. The CDC further notes that a positive culture should be confirmed by a second test, such as PCR (CDC, 2021a).

Ebola
The CDC states that for diagnosis of Ebola, “there must be a combination of symptoms suggestive of EVD AND a possible exposure to EVD within 21 days before the onset of symptoms.” Such exposures include:

  • Blood or body fluids from a person sick with or who died from EVD.
  • Objects contaminated with blood or body fluids of a person sick with or who died from EVD.
  • Infected fruit bats and nonhuman primates (apes or monkeys).
  • Semen from an individual who has recovered from EVD.

The CDC notes that PCR is one of the most common diagnostic methods, but also cautions that “When the virus is no longer present in great enough numbers in a patient’s blood, PCR methods will no longer be effective. Other methods, based on the detection of antibodies an EVD case produces to an infection, can then be used to confirm a patient’s exposure and infection by Ebola virus” (CDC, 2022c).

Giardia 
The CDC states that microscopy with direct fluorescent antibody testing (DFA) is considered the test of choice for diagnosing giardiasis, but rapid immunochromatographic cartridge assays, enzyme immunoassay kits, microscopy with trichrome staining, and molecular assays may be alternatively used as well. To obtain more accurate test results, the CDC recommends collecting three stool specimens from patients over the course of a few days. But, only molecular testing (e.g., DNA sequencing) can identify Giardia strains (CDC, 2021b).

Monkeypox Virus
The CDC defines a suspect case of monkeypox as a “new characteristic rash, or meets one of the epidemiologic criteria and has a high clinical suspicion for monkeypox.” A probable case is defined as “no suspicion of other recent Orthopoxvirus exposure (e.g., Vaccinia virus in ACAM2000 vaccination) AND demonstration of the presence of Orthopoxvirus DNA by polymerase chain reaction of a clinical specimen OR Orthopoxvirus using immunohistochemical or electron microscopy testing methods OR Demonstration of detectable levels of anti-orthopoxvirus IgM antibody during the period of 4 to 56 days after rash onset.” A confirmed case of monkeypox is defined as “demonstration of the presence of Monkeypox virus DNA by polymerase chain reaction testing or Next-Generation sequencing of a clinical specimen OR isolation of Monkeypox virus in culture from a clinical specimen” (CDC, 2022b).

MRSA
The CDC remarks that nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs, such as PCR) “can be used for direct detection of mecA, the most common gene mediating oxacillin resistance in staphylococci,” but will not detect novel resistance mechanisms or uncommon phenotypes (CDC, 2019a).

Mycoplasma genitalium
For individuals with a penis who are experiencing recurrent nongonococcal urethritis (NGU), the CDC recommends FDA-cleared NAAT, with resistance testing done when available. The CDC also recommends that individuals with recurrent cervicitis should be tested for M. genitalium. Testing should be considered for individuals with pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). Testing should be accompanied with resistance testing, if available. The CDC does not recommend screening for M. genitalium for asymptomatic individuals, nor do they recommend extragenital testing for M. genitalium. “In clinical practice, if testing is unavailable, M. genitalium should be suspected in cases of persistent or recurrent urethritis or cervicitis and considered for PID” (CDC, 2021d).

Non-Polio Enterovirus
The CDC remarks that their laboratories “routinely” perform qualitative testing for enteroviruses, parechoviruses, and uncommon picornaviruses (CDC, 2018).

Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)
The CDC writes that real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) and antigen detection tests are the most commonly used diagnostic tests and are effective in infants and young children. However, the highly sensitive rRT-PCR is recommended to be used when testing older children and adults with RSV (CDC, 2022d).

Salmonella
The CDC writes that diagnosis requires detection of the Salmonella bacteria, be it through culture or a “culture-independent diagnostic test (CIDT)” (CDC, 2019b). 

Miscellaneous
The CDC does not mention the need to quantify [through PCR] Bartonella, Legionella pneumophila, or Mycoplasma pneumoniae. However, PCR can be performed for both Legionella pneumophila and Mycoplasma pneumoniae specimen (CDC, 2020b, 2021c, 2022a). No guidance was found on Hepatitis G.

Committee on Infectious Diseases, American Academy of Pediatrics, 31st Edition (2018 – 2021, Red Book)
The Committee on Infectious Diseases released joint guidelines with the American Academy of Pediatrics. In it, they note that “the presumptive diagnosis of mucocutaneous candidiasis or thrush usually can be made clinically.” They also state that FISH probes may rapidly detect Candida species from positive blood culture samples, although PCR assays have also been developed for this purpose (AAP Committee on Infectious Diseases, 2018).

European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC)
On May 23, 2022, the ECDC released a rapid risk assessment of the monkeypox multi-country outbreak. They recommend that patients with probable cases should be tested with a “monkeypox virus specific PCR or an orthopoxvirus specific PCR assay which is then confirmed through sequencing” (ECDC, 2022b).

On June 2, 2022, ECDC released interim advice on risk communication and community engagement during the 2022 monkeypox outbreak in Europe. This is a joint report with the WHO regional office for Europe. They recommend speaking to your doctor about getting tested for monkeypox if you develop a rash with a fever or feeling of discomfort or illness (ECDC, 2022a). 

United Kingdom Heath Security Agency (UKHSA)
The UKHSA states that “Mpox is diagnosed by PCR test for the monkeypox virus (MPXV) on a viral swab taken from one or more vesicles or ulcers.” Specifically, it is recommended that healthcare workers“Take a viral swab in viral culture medium or viral transport medium (for example Virocult®) from an open sore or from the surface of a vesicle. If other wounds are present, ensure that the sample is definitely taken from a vesicle, an ulcer or a crusted vesicle. Rub the swab over the lesion and place the swab in the collection tube. If there are pharyngeal lesions, a throat swab should also be taken” (UKHSA, 2023). UKHSA also suggests that “A viral throat swab can be taken for high-risk contacts of a confirmed or highly probable case who have developed systemic symptoms but do not have a rash or lesions that can be sampled. Please note that even if the throat swab is negative, the individual must continue with monitoring and isolation as instructed by their local health protection team, and should be reassessed and sampled if further symptoms develop”. Lastly, “If follow-up testing is required from a confirmed or highly probable case, either because of clinical deterioration or to inform discharge from isolation to an inpatient setting, additional samples should be taken and should include the following:

  • A lesion swab and throat swab in viral transport medium
  • A blood sample in an EDTA tube
  • A urine sample in a universal sterile container” (UKHSA, 2023)

References:

  1. AAP Committee on Infectious Diseases. (2018). Red Book® 2018.
  2. CDC. (2018, November 14). Non-Polio Enterovirus, CDC Laboratory Testing & Procedures. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/non-polio-enterovirus/lab-testing/testing-procedures.html
  3. CDC. (2019a, February 6). Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Laboratory Testing. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/mrsa/lab/index.html#anchor_1548439781
  4. CDC. (2019b, December 5). Salmonella, Diagnostic and Public Health Testing. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/general/diagnosis-treatment.html
  5. CDC. (2020a, May 29). Identification of Candida auris. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/candida-auris/identification.html
  6. CDC. (2020b, June 5). Mycoplasma pneumoniae Infections - Diagnostic methods Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/pneumonia/atypical/mycoplasma/hcp/diagnostic-methods.html
  7. CDC. (2021a, November 15). Chlamydia pneumoniae Infection, Diagnostic Methods. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/pneumonia/atypical/cpneumoniae/hcp/diagnostic.html
  8. CDC. (2021b, March 1). Diagnosis and Treatment Information for Medical Professionals. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/giardia/medical-professionals.html
  9. CDC. (2021c, March 25). Legionella (Legionnaires' Disease and Pontiac Fever) - Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/legionella/clinicians/diagnostic-testing.html
  10. CDC. (2021d, July 22). Sexually Transmitted Infections Treatment Guidelines, 2021. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/mycoplasmagenitalium.htm
  11. CDC. (2022a, January 10). Bartonella Infection. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/bartonella/bartonella-henselae/index.html
  12. CDC. (2022b, July 22). Case Definitions† for Use in the 2022 Monkeypox Response. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/monkeypox/clinicians/case-definition.html
  13. CDC. (2022c, December 8). Ebola (Ebola Virus Disease), Diagnosis. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/diagnosis/index.html
  14. CDC. (2022d, October 28). Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection (RSV), For Healthcare Professionals. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/rsv/clinical/index.html#lab
  15. ECDC. (2022a). Interim advice on Risk Communication and Community Engagement during the monkeypox outbreak in Europe, 2022. Retrieved from https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/sites/default/files/documents/Joint-ECDC-WHO-interim-advice-on-RCCE-for-Monkeypox-2-June-2022.pdf
  16. ECDC. (2022b). Risk assessment: Monkeypox multi-country outbreak. Retrieved from https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/risk-assessment-monkeypox-multi-country-outbreak
  17. FDA. (2022, April 19). Nucleic Acid Based Tests. Retrieved from https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/vitro-diagnostics/nucleic-acid-based-tests
  18. Khan, A. (2014). Rapid Advances in Nucleic Acid Technologies for Detection and Diagnostics of Pathogens. J Microbiol Exp, 1(2). doi:10.15406/jmen.2014.01.00009
  19. Miller, J. M., Binnicker, M. J., Campbell, S., Carroll, K. C., Chapin, K. C., Gilligan, P. H., . . . Yao, J. D. (2018). A Guide to Utilization of the Microbiology Laboratory for Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases: 2018 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the American Society for Microbiology. Clinical Infectious Diseases, ciy381-ciy381. doi:10.1093/cid/ciy381
  20. Mothershed, E. A., & Whitney, A. M. (2006). Nucleic acid-based methods for the detection of bacterial pathogens: present and future considerations for the clinical laboratory. Clin Chim Acta, 363(1-2), 206-220. doi:10.1016/j.cccn.2005.05.050
  21. UKHSA. (2023, February 15). Monkeypox: diagnostic testing. Retrieved from https://www.gov.uk/guidance/monkeypox-diagnostic-testing
  22. WHO. (2022). Monkeypox. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/health-topics/monkeypox/#tab=tab_1

Coding Section

 Code          

 Number          

Description

CPT 

87471

Infectious agent detection by nucleic acid (DNA or RNA); Bartonella henselae and Bartonella quintana, amplified probe technique

 

87472

Infectious agent detection by nucleic acid (DNA or RNA); Bartonella henselae and Bartonella quintana, quantification

 

87480

Infectious agent detection by nucleic acid (DNA or RNA); Candida species, direct probe technique

 

87481

Infectious agent detection by nucleic acid (DNA or RNA); Candida species, amplified probe technique

 

87482

Infectious agent detection by nucleic acid (DNA or RNA); Candida species, quantification

 

87485

Infectious agent detection by nucleic acid (DNA or RNA); Chlamydia pneumoniae, direct probe technique

 

87486

Infectious agent detection by nucleic acid (DNA or RNA); Chlamydia pneumoniae, amplified probe technique

 

87487

Infectious agent detection by nucleic acid (DNA or RNA); Chlamydia pneumoniae, quantification

 

87493

Infectious agent detection by nucleic acid (DNA or RNA); Clostridium difficile, toxin gene(s), amplified probe technique

 

87495

Infectious agent detection by nucleic acid (DNA or RNA); cytomegalovirus, direct probe technique

 

87496

Infectious agent detection by nucleic acid (DNA or RNA); cytomegalovirus, amplified probe technique

 

87497

Infectious agent detection by nucleic acid (DNA or RNA); cytomegalovirus, quantification

 

87498

Infectious agent detection by nucleic acid (DNA or RNA); enterovirus, amplified probe technique, includes reverse transcription when performed

 

87500

Infectious agent detection by nucleic acid (DNA or RNA); vancomycin resistance (e.g., enterococcus species van A, van B), amplified probe technique

 

87516

Infectious agent detection by nucleic acid (DNA or RNA); hepatitis B virus, amplified probe technique

 

87517

Infectious agent detection by nucleic acid (DNA or RNA); hepatitis B virus, quantification

 

87525

Infectious agent detection by nucleic acid (DNA or RNA); hepatitis G, direct probe technique

 

87526

Infectious agent detection by nucleic acid (DNA or RNA); hepatitis G, amplified probe technique

 

87527

Infectious agent detection by nucleic acid (DNA or RNA); hepatitis G, quantification

 

87531

Infectious agent detection by nucleic acid (DNA or RNA); Herpes virus-6, direct probe technique

 

87532

Infectious agent detection by nucleic acid (DNA or RNA); Herpes virus-6, amplified probe technique

 

87533

Infectious agent detection by nucleic acid (DNA or RNA); Herpes virus-6, quantification

 

87540

Infectious agent detection by nucleic acid (DNA or RNA); Legionella pneumophila, direct probe technique

 

87541

Infectious agent detection by nucleic acid (DNA or RNA); Legionella pneumophila, amplified probe technique

 

87542

Infectious agent detection by nucleic acid (DNA or RNA); Legionella pneumophila, quantification

 

87563 

Infectious agent detection by nucleic acid (DNA or RNA); Mycoplasma genitalium, amplified probe technique 

 

87580

Infectious agent detection by nucleic acid (DNA or RNA); Mycoplasma pneumoniae, direct probe technique

 

87581

Infectious agent detection by nucleic acid (DNA or RNA); Mycoplasma pneumoniae, amplified probe technique

 

87582

Infectious agent detection by nucleic acid (DNA or RNA); Mycoplasma pneumoniae, quantification

  87593 Infectious agent detection by nucleic acid (DNA or RNA); orthopoxvirus (eg, monkeypox virus, cowpox virus, vaccinia virus), amplified probe technique, each

 

87634

Infectious agent detection by nucleic acid (DNA or RNA); respiratory syncytial virus, amplified probe technique

 

87640

Infectious agent detection by nucleic acid (DNA or RNA); Staphylococcus aureus, amplified probe technique

 

87641

Infectious agent detection by nucleic acid (DNA or RNA); Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin resistant, amplified probe technique 

 

87797

Infectious agent detection by nucleic acid (DNA or RNA), not otherwise specified; direct probe technique, each organism

 

87798

Infectious agent detection by nucleic acid (DNA or RNA), not otherwise specified; amplified probe technique, each organism

 

87799

Infectious agent detection by nucleic acid (DNA or RNA), not otherwise specified; quantification, each organism

Procedure and diagnosis codes on Medical Policy documents are included only as a general reference tool for each policy. They may not be all-inclusive. 

This medical policy was developed through consideration of peer-reviewed medical literature generally recognized by the relevant medical community, U.S. FDA approval status, nationally accepted standards of medical practice and accepted standards of medical practice in this community, Blue Cross Blue Shield Association technology assessment program (TEC) and other non-affiliated technology evaluation centers, reference to federal regulations, other plan medical policies, and accredited national guidelines.

"Current Procedural Terminology © American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved" 

History From 2014 Forward     

07/26/2023 Annual review, updating policy for clarity and consistency. Also updating table of terminology, rationale, and references and coding.
12/20/2022 Annual review, no change to policy. Maintaining as written.
07/21/2022 Annual review, policy rewritten for clarity, no change to policy intent. Updating description, rationale and references. 

10/01/2021 

Interim review updating coverage criteria for 87481 and 87482 related to vaginitis per CDC guidlelines. No other changes made. 

07/26/2021 

Annual review, no change to policy intent. Updating rationale and references. 

10/15/2020 

Interim Review. Correcting policy verbiage on code 87487. No other changes made. 

09/24/2020 

Updating annual review date to 07/2021. No other changes. 

07/01/2020 

Interim review, updating Chlamydia pneumoniae to medically necessary. Also reformatting the policy for clarity. 

04/08/2020 

Interim review to add coverage criteria and coding related to COVID-19. 

10/29/2019 

Annual review, no change to policy intent. Reformatting for clarity. Updating coding.

09/25/2019 

Corrected formatting. No other changes made. 

05/29/2019 

Corrected typo. No change to policy intent. 

11/27/2018 

Major rewrite of this policy related to adoption of diagnostic testing of most common sexually transmitted infections, B-Hemolytic Streptococcus Testing, and testing for mosquito- or tick-related infections. All four policies will be implemented on 02/01/2019. 

12/7/2017 

Updating policy with 2018 coding. No other changes. 

11/28/2017 

Annual review. Updating background, description, regulatory status, policy, guidelines, references and coding.

04/25/2017 

Updated category to Laboratory. No other changes. 

01/10/2017 

Annual Review. No significant changes.

11/30/2016 

Updated coding section with 2017 codes. 

05/09/2016 

Interim review, updating Human herpes virus 6 testing to indicate that direct probe and quantification can be considered medically necessary, but, that amplified probe (87532) is considered investigational. No other changes. 

01/21/2015 

Returning Borrelia burgdorferi as medically necessary with reference to: See policy 50108. 

01/05/2016 

Interim review with the following policy intent changes: Medically necessary statement added for non-quantified nucleic acid-based testing for enterovirus, Legionella pneumophila, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and Bartonella spp, and for quantified testing for human herpesvirus 6. Borrelia, major revision in the visual look of the policy, but, only the content listed has been altered in intent. Updating background, description, guidelines, verbiage, rationale, references, and coding. 

11/24/2015 

Annual review, no changes made. 

3/16/2015 

Removed the word "archived" in table 1 on Candida species, Gardnerella vaginalis and Human Papillomavirus lines. No other changes.

10/27/2014

Annual review. Added description and coding. Updated background, policy, rationale and references. New CPT codes (8751xx 1-3 and 876xx 3-5 added.

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